A Normal Distribution Based On The Shapiro Wilk Test For...

3. RESULTS All data demonstrated a normal distribution based on the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality; therefore, no further transformation was required. Mean ages (SDs) of the participants were 24 (3.7) years in the PA group and 23.6 (2.3) years in the placebo group. Baseline characteristics between the groups were similar for all variables (P0.05) (Table 1). A total of 44 enrolled participants completed the follow-up (Figure 1). Participants denied any adverse and/or side effects during the follow-up periods. A mixed-effect model of repeated measure analysis showed no significant between-group differences for HR (Figure 2) and DBP (Figure 4). On the contrary, the averaged total HR, regardless of the groups, showed a statistically significant change over time (p-value=0.0043 in Table 2). The overall group-by-time interaction for the mixed-model was statistically significant only for SBP (p-value=0.0105) in that PA group had significantly reduced SBP while the placebo group had increased SBP during-intervention. The 95% CI of the change in SBP (1.65 to 4.25 mmHg) exceeded the minimal detectable change (MDC) of 4.16 mmHg (Yung et al 2014) for some individuals. The post-hoc analysis revealed that the changed SBP during-intervention was significantly different between the PA and the PA-P group (p-value=0.003 in Figure 3). The between-group differences were no longer significant at post follow-up. Males had statistically higher SBP than females overall (p-value=0.0027 in TableShow MoreRelatedWh at Affect Does The And Difference Of Means For The Variables?1335 Words   |  6 PagesThis report consists of the findings from tests run to assess both the normality and difference of means for the variables used in the We Read to Succeed community initiative in Harrisonburg-Rockingham County. This report also presents the findings from the proposed research questions, including: 1) Do mentor reported reading skills improve over time? 2) How does mean mentor reported strength of relationship at baseline vary by gender? How does it vary after 12 months by gender? 3) What affect doRead MoreThoron Concentration Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe results of experimentally determined values of indoor radon, thoron and their progeny concentrations observed in selected 127 dwellings of 47 villages sampled by single entry pin-holes based dosimeters and progeny sensors for one year are summarized in Table 1. The radon concentration varies from 16 ±0.9 Bqm-3 to 50 ±23 Bqm-3 with an arithmetic mean of 30 ±7 Bqm-3 and geometric mean (and geometric standard deviation) of 30 (1.25) Bqm-3, which is less than the lower limit of the action level (200-300Read MoreEssay on Psy 870: Module 3 Problem Set Answers799 Words   |  4 Pagesresearcher will be to clean and screen the data. Please do this for the researcher and report your findings. Be sure to check it for possible coding errors, as well as complete the screening of the data to see if the data meet assumptions for parametric tests. Did you find any errors that the researcher made when setting up the SPSS data file (check the variable view)? If so, what did you find? How did you correct it? HINT: Yes, one of the variables is incorrectly listed as scale. 3. Were there missingRead MoreSample Testing Is Mandatory Against A Static Groundwater Protection Standard1520 Words   |  7 Pagesderived from related as a fixed standard. The primary tool for monitoring is the confidence interval. Numerous ranges of confidence intervals, including confidence intervals around means, medians. The goal is on planning tests with reasonable statistical performance in terms of per-test false positive rates. Confidence interval are designed to estimate statistical characteristics of some parameter of sampled population. Given a statistical parameter of interest such as the population mean ( µ), theRead MoreANSWER TO MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT Essay1963 Words   |  8 PagesAffective (AFFECT) and Behavioral (BEHAVE) should be scale variables. The scale of these variables is changed before the analysis. 4 Perform Initial Data Screening. What did you find regarding missing values, univariate outliers, multivariate outliers, normality? a. What should you consider when you find these kinds of outcomes? HINTS: For missing values, see Case Processing Summary Univariate outliers: inspect box plots Multivariate outliers: Don’t forget to create the Case ID variable to do this analysisRead MoreMaterial And Methods Of Blood Lac At Arrival As Potential Predictor Variable On Feedlot Calves With Brd1572 Words   |  7 Pagesheart sounds and potential interference from the environment and classified acoustic patterns in lung scores ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = normal, 2 = mild acute, 3 = moderate acute, 4 = severe acute, and 5 = chronic). Following the calves examination, blood samples were obtained from each calves in vacutainer tubes by jugular vein puncture using a 20G needle on labeled test tube, blood LAC was recorded for each calf using Lactate Plus handheld lactate meters (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA). This portableRead MoreWhat Is Data Analysis And Application ( DAA )1365 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine a data analysis and application for an independent t test comparing the mean GPAs of a sample of male and female students. It will pose a research question that the data wi ll set out to answer. It will provide a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, and will provide an analysis showing why the null hypothesis should be accepted or rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Data File Description For this independent t test, the mean GPAs of 64 females and 41 males were comparedRead MoreStatistical Assumptions Of Substantive Analyses Across The General Linear Model1155 Words   |  5 Pagespsychological research as opposed to measurement. Nimon (2012) asserts that a basic assumptions across the GLM is that sample data is drawn randomly from the population. What was found though, is that a substantial amount of social science research is based on unrepresented samples and many researchers will select a sample that suits the purpose of the study. This makes inferences to the population more difficult. Instead, researchers should describe the sample and population in sufficient detail in orderRead MoreCultural Competency And Awareness, Organization, And Skills1605 Words   |  7 Pagesan important ethical aspect of health care. Given its importance, it is crucial to understand if it is being utilized and taught effectively. In order to establish if something is being understood, there must be a test capable of evaluating the cultural competency of individuals. This test is called the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument and it is designed to measure the cultural competence of rehabilitation practitioners (Suarez-B alcazar et al., 2011). The cultural competency of individualsRead MorePhysiotherapy Outcome Measures Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasures are used in all physiotherapy areas not only in research, but also in clinical practice. Therefore, reproducibility studies are needed to assess the repeatability or consistency of these measurements. The aim of this experiment is to examine the test retest repeatability by one practitioner for an outcome measure in physiotherapy. Seventeen subjects were recruited to participate in this experiment. Three separate readings were taken for each subject on each day on two different occasions. The results

The Biological Bombing Of Hiroshima Japan - 955 Words

August 6th, 1945 and September 11, 2001, are two days 56 years apart that share a history or terror, bloodshed and loss of life. Though both events are marked by a single attack from a foreign and source, the circumstances surrounding the attacks are drastically different. While the comparisons only found in the social and health consequences in the aftermath. Examining their similarities and difference can provide a better understand on the impact of one group or countries decisions to attack a state and the social and political consequences that follow. The anatomic bombing of Hiroshima Japan was conducted by the United States on August 6th, 1945 during the last months of the war. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure (Bombing of Hiroshima). In the process decimating the city itself leaving it a wasteland. 56 years later on September 11, 2011, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Queda hijacked four airlines within the United States they then proceeded to carry out suicide attacked against the United States. Two of the planes where flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York while the others landed in a field and into the pentagon. The two events marked some of the saddest most horrific days in our worlds history creating discussion on the definition of terror. The differences between the logistics of these attacks are vast andShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On The Atomic Bomb1656 Words   |  7 PagesIntroductionï’ £ In 1945, two atomic bombs were dropped over Japan on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which resulted in thousands of civilian deaths and a detrimental impact on the environment. Some people would say that the bombing was necessary to end the war, but in the same breath would say that it was inhumane. Other standpoints say that Japan was already on their way to surrender. What would the world be like if the bombs weren’t dropped; or even created? Other Optionsï’ £ When thinking of other optionsRead MoreHarry S. Truman For Defeating Japan s Barbaric Regime And Ending The Bloodiest War1641 Words   |  7 Pagesforced to decide whether or not to drop the atomic bombs on Japan, the moral choice was clear: dropping the bombs was the most viable option available that would end World War II, minimize casualties on both sides of the war, and ensure American victory. Every other option available to Truman would have resulted in a much greater loss for the people of both Japan and the United States. While dropping atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was undeniably an atrocity, which resulted inRead MoreCan Weapons Of Mass Destruction Be Justified?1618 Words   |  7 PagesThere are 3 types of WMD’s; Nuclear Weapons, Biological Weapons and Chemical Weapons. In the world there are only 8 counties that own nuclear weapons and these include USA, Russia, UK, China, France, India and Pakistan and unofficially Israel. In this essay I will be looking at whether or not Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD’s) can be justified, we can link this to the just war theory. I will also be looking at the 1945 Atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima and whether or not it can be justified. WMD’sRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1515 Words   |  7 Pagesfor President Truman to drop the atomic bomb in Japan? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. Japan refused to accept surrender after the first nuclearRead MorePresident Truman and the First Atomic Bomb Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pageswar wasn’t done yet as they were still fighting Japan, eventually pushing them back to their main island. The Japanese’ plans of defending themselves was a group of final decisive battles on the Japanese mainland utilizing all people in Japan to fight to death against the Americans. Fearing costly land battles, American general Curtis Le May began massive aerial bombardment of Ja pan, despite president Truman’s warning, â€Å" The JapaneseRead MoreHiroshima, By John Hersey Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pageshimself â€Å"‘These are human beings’†(Hersey 1946), as he attempted to save paralyzed, dying men and women, in the book â€Å"Hiroshima† by John Hersey. This nonfiction book was published on August 31 1946, a year after the atomic bombing fell on Hiroshima, Japan. This publication was raw, uncensored, and truthful. John Hersey unapologetically revealed the gruesome damages done by the bombing, while also silencing those who believed that the atomic bomb was a justified attack. Hersey’s brilliant journalismRead MoreWeapons of Mass Destruction790 Words   |  4 Pagesweaponry/hazard symbol * 3.2 Biological weaponry/hazard symbol (3) Treaties * 1 General * 2 Delivery systems * 3 Biological weapons * 4 Chemical weapons * 5 Nuclear weapons * 5.1 Non-proliferation * 5.1.1 By region * 5.2 Weapons limitation * 5.3 Cooperation (4) Nuclear (or) Atomic (4.1) Nuclear warfare * 1 Types of nuclear warfare * 2 History a. 2.1 1940s i. 2.1.1 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ii. 2.1.2Read MoreThe Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay2146 Words   |  9 Pagesatomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 is the most controversial military decision in the history of Air Power, and may even be the most controversial decision in history. The first of the bombings happened at Hiroshima, where the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay dropped Little Boy, an Uranium-based atomic bomb. Structural damage estimates vary, with some sources claiming the blast and fires destroyed about 90% of the city (History.com Staff â€Å"Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki†)Read MoreBanning Weapons Of Mass Destructions2663 Words   |  11 PagesBanning Weapons of Mass Destructions Won’t Work August 6, 1945, the United States launched an attack on Hiroshima that had never been seen before. No military in the world knew how to defend themselves from such an attack and no civilian felt safe from the oncoming onslaught (Oppenheimer). An atomic bomb was dropped on that day from a United States Air Force B-29 bomber over the city of Hiroshima. The radiation falling on the city and the leveling of the city’s buildings from the blast left up to thousandsRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Trumans Use of the Atomic Bombs1007 Words   |  5 Pages On August 7, 1945 the headline of the front page of the New York Times read: First Atomic Bomb Dropped on Japan; Missile is Equal to 20,000 Tons of TNT: Truman Warns Foe of a â€Å"Rain of Ruin.†1 Now the debate between historians on the question of whether Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb was correct or not had begun. There are critics and historians who say that Japan was already beat and that the war could have ended by negotiations. In their opinions because Germany had surrendered, the

Brain And Behavior Free Essays

I believe that human emotion is determined by the â€Å"hard wiring† of the brain. One good example is the criminal intent of particular individuals. It is actually interesting to know that anthropological research data shows that violence is an inherent conduct among the primate species (Walker, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Brain And Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now In society, criminal violence is a common occurrence and legislators have suggested that the behavior of criminals be analyzed in order to identify any psychological patterns that are consistent among these particular types of individuals. In the past few decades, neurobiologists have proposed that an individual’s condition, which encompasses empathy, morality and free will, is holistically influenced by the frequency of stimulation and assembly of the neurons of an individual. Such notion is contradictory to the concept of Cartesian dualism, which states that the brain and the mind are two independent entities that coordinate with each other. To date, the accumulation of research reports from the field of neuroscience is gradually affecting the concepts and effectivity of the justice system because of the shifting in the concept of human behavior and response to different stimuli. Neuroscience has influenced our current understanding of the multiple factors that govern violent behavior among criminals. The 19th century classic report of Phineas Gage regarding the anti-social behavior that emerged after massive damage of the prefrontal cortex of his brain from a railroad accident is now considered as the birth of the field of forensic neurology (Harlow, 1848). Today, computerized imaging of his fractured skull has shown that the autonomic and social nerve systems are the specific damages that were affected, thus resulting in a totally different individual. Such observation, together with research results gathered from war veterans, has led to the conclusion that violent criminal behavior is caused by injuries to the frontal lobe of the brain. It has then been proposed that injury to the prefrontal cortex of the brain causes a condition that has been coined as acquired sociopathy or pseudopsychopath (Blair and Cipolotti, 2000). It is interesting to know that there is an 11% reduction in the size of the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex among patients diagnosed with anti-social personality disorder (APD) (Raine et al. , 2000). A related observation has also been observed between intelligence and alterations in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex. The temporal lobe of the brain has also been determined to influence an individual’s emotional response and aggression, wherein lesions in the amygdale of the temporal lobe result in an individual’s failure to recognize fear and sadness among the faces of other people (van Elst et al. , 2001). The connection between the decreased expression of the monoamine oxidase A enzyme and reactive violence has already been established (Caspi et al. , 2002). Monoamine oxidase A is responsible for the catabolism of monoamines such as serotonin (5-HT). The working hypothesis currently accepted is that the prefrontal-amygdala connection is altered, resulting in a dysfunctional aggressive and violent behavior, resulting in criminality in particular individuals. The self-control theory as proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) couples an argument regarding the driving force behind criminality and the features of a criminal act. Gottfredson and Hirschi contend that crime is similar to other out of control and unlawful actions such as alcoholism and smoking because it generates in an individual a temporary yet immediate feeling of gratification. This kind of action is created by a condition that is characterized by low self-control. The authors claim that the condition of having poor self-control is an innate condition that is set in place during the early childhood at around 7 or 8 years of age. In relation to the mechanism behind criminality, the authors explain that crime is a straightforward action to results in gratification in an individual. Such perception of crime is associated with a number of implications to the general theory of crime. Firstly, the general theory of crime presents that crime is an uncomplicated action that does not need any strategic preparation or intricate knowledge. Secondly, the general theory of crime is related to a number of elements that are included in the theory of routine activities because just like other uncontrolled acts, crimes are not planned and it is easy for individuals with low self-esteem to be easily motivated to commit such acts. In addition, criminality is strongly influenced by external factors such as the scarcity of easy targets as well as the presence of associates that are capable of helping or even performing a criminal act. The theory of crime by Gottfredson and Hirschi regarding the early age of 7 or 8 also entails that the longitudinal analysis of crime is not necessary and that age-correlated theories of crime are confusing. The general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi also considers the fundamental argument regarding age and the unlawful act. It is actually different from what is presented at general courses in criminology regarding the analysis of age-crime correlations and social factors that are related to crime. A distinction of the general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi is that the age-crime linkage is very different through time, location and culture that the age-crime correlation is irrelevant of any social explanation. Their general theory of crime also describes that criminals continue to perform unlawful acts of crime even during marriage and eventually end up as unmarried criminals. The same thing goes with offenders who are currently employed—these individuals generally continue on as offenders and the only difference after some time is that they lose their jobs. The general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi thus presents an argument against the connection of crime with marriage and employment thus showing that a criminal is incompetent in maintaining a relationship in a marriage or a commitment to work because he is commonly known as person of very low command of his control. Their presentation of the force behind criminality is thus focused on self-control and the authors point out that most investigations regarding criminality do not include this concept. References Blair RJ and Cipolotti L (2000): Impaired social response reversal. A case of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Brain 123:1122–1141. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffi tt TE, Mill J and Martin J (2002): Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297:851–854. Gottfredson MR and Hirschi T (1990): A General Theory of Crime. In: Jacoby JE (ed. ): Classics of criminology, 3rd ed. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Harlow J (1848): Passage of an iron bar through the head. Boston Med Surg J 13:389–393. Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L and Colletti P (2000) Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:119–127. van Elst LT, Trimble MR, Ebert D, van Elst LT (2001) Dual brain pathology in patients with affective aggressive episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:1187–1188. Walker PL (2001): A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence. Annu Rev Anthropol 30: 573–596. How to cite Brain And Behavior, Papers

Involved In Technology Automation Providedâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Involved In Technology And Automation Provided? Answer: Introduction As time passes, we are becoming more and more involved in technology and automation provided through computers in performing our daily routine tasks. Today computers handle almost everything in our lives whether running industries, providing entertainment or enabling our global communications soon they will also drive our cars. Accounting and computers are naturally connected to each other and act as a blood line for the businesses whether small or large (Wilkinson, 2007). Tracking assets and transactions has always been the basic agenda of accounting information systems and are closely related to the early development of numbers, arithmetic and even writing. Accounting softwares today operating small and large businesses through various solutions and catering the needs of masses came through various stages throughout the history. This document will provide brief history, development and adoption, Current market size, gaps and challenges facing customers of software/packages and will lay out certain recommendations using qualitative research approach. While an endeavor is made to sum up the discussion wherein the Accounting application is debated about all in all to be utilized as a part of setting with any organization, however a due emphasis is given to Universities in Australia. A concentration is in this way given to the use of accounting applications with reference to Universities in Australia. The study is specific to Charles Stuart University which is the chosen University where the research will be conducted. An exhaustive research was embraced on this subject. As exhorted in an examination procedure, particularly in the Literature Review stage, efforts were made to utilize cases of business practices from the insightful diaries papers, gatherings, books and expert magazines to bolster the contentions given in this research. Organization Structure The current organization structure of the company is shown below. Operational problems The principle of accounting independence has not been followed when designing the structure of the organization. Due to this, the functional team handling a particular physical activity is also taking care of the accounting aspect of that activity. This can lead to unreliable information. Due to unreliable information, the organization may take faulty decisions. Inefficiency may also be experienced since the team will be forced to perform all the tasks of the physical activity together with accounting (Schaffer, 2008). System acquisition method The organization has very unique information needs that can be satisfied with the use of a commercial software that is already finished and completely tested for implementation. Generally, commercial application are usually customized to suit specific industries (Bragg, 2012). Flowchart The sales process flow chart is an important instrument for business. It gives the company an opportunity to imagine and understand the sales procedures, disclose and also visually highlight issues or holdups, and forecast on sales. Control problems Though there exists security risks and challenges which are related to cloud computing systems. Approaches to deal with the security threats that face cloud computing systems include information-centric security, predicate cryptography, and authentication measures (Joshi, 2013). Literature Review The review of literature in this research involves the historical development and how accounting packages/software are used especially in the context of Charles Stuart University. Information technology has had three successive movements that made an attempt to take care of the reality of IT (Keziere, 2009). This has made all the business functions within the same organization incline to work free from each other. This processes have led to inconsistency within organizations. An accounting software/package is a system that is used on a computer and it perfoms all accounting tasks, such as recording, storing, sorting, retrieving, analyzing, presenting and conveying accounting information to different shareholder groups (Spathis, 2010). Applications enhance the quality of accounting data and promotes moving efficiency between organizations sectors and among organizations branches and their numerous users or investor groups. All the necessary information to the organization of any company requires the valuation of numerous cost objects to do a proper evaluation; correct data is required regarding all resources that are consumed directly or indirectly (Drury, 2008). The introduction to using accounting software is precious to organizations. However, the software applications should have a general guideline on what application standards the software need to have. There are four general features that accounting packages must have (Rushinek and Rushinek, 2009). They include; ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Training should also be done on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met. This can only be achieved through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and administrative structure (Byrd Turners, 2013) Flexibility is of great importance in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as an n application capacity alongside a variation of course or a deviation from the programmed path of activity (Genus Dickson, 2008). History, development, and adoption The commonly used accounting system also known as general ledger is a book with distributed pages for every account i.e. payables, receivable, cash, equity. Each day transactions are entered by use of hand into the journal. Intuit came up with a computerized application named Quicken. The company later introduced Quickbooks for small business accounting in 1983. Turbo Tax, an application for calculating income taxes and federal, were presented to Nivinson. That saw the end of using manual entries and computers was embraced because it made the work of accountants much easier. They gave accountants an opportunity to be more productive (Hodge, 2008). In the recent past, there has been a significant improvement in the innovation in technology and organizations now depend on machines to help in the running of businesses. Since the formation of Intuit in the year 1983, It has played a significant role in developing applications for the current age. Intuit products are vast, but QuickBooks is the most commonly used. The current market size Australia has two accounting software companies competing for the market share; Xero which is from Zealand and QuickBooks Online (QBO) from is US-based Intuit. They are not the only companies in the market but because of the recent developments, they are outshining the others throughout other continents (Leung, 2011) Quickbooks has been on the market for quite some time, but its entry to Australia is relatively recent. Whereas Xero has been in the Australian market for a couple of years and has seen its widespread use by accountants and small businesses due to its capability to communicate with customers. Xero is widely known in Australia though Quickbooks has launched a new user interface for Quickbooks Online (Harmony), customized with Australian localizations to the product, employed staff and opened an office in Australia and is trying to capture the Australian market share. Leaders in the market and what gives them the competitive advantage. Xero MYOB Reckon Intuit QuickBooks Saasu Xero is a highly popular online accounting software in Australia. It offers real-time data monitoring abilities. It has over half a million subscribers who use the application. It has a wide range of business accounting functionalities since it offers speedy internet billing. It has a cutting-edge reconciliation process that allows the user to import and group bank transactions. Xero has two subscription categories. Starter software subscription $9/month Premium accounting software $70/month MYOB: - Australias best accounting software. It targets to be more than a functional accounting application. It has an additional feature that helps owners of businesses to increase productivity and make enhanced choices with a simultaneous view of a companys fiscal operations. It integrates the point of sale transactions into the entire business operations. It has an interface known as Kounta which works both online and offline, and the clientele hardly notices if the Internet connection slows down. They have a compliant capability known as ATO which is a huge attraction. Intuit QuickBooks - A highly ranked accounting software in Australia. QB is among the most widespread accounting application used by small businesses in Australia. The factors that contribute to this include:- QuickBooks provides a wide-ranging level of features that businesses in Australia use to trail business revenue, expenditures, and earnings. Price which is $12/month and $21/month for the premier version. Reckon: Purposes to be the best accounting application for accountants, bookkeepers, and companies in Australia. Its one of the affordable cloud accounting software for small businesses in Australias and is well recognized. It uses a platforms known as Reckon Pay. This platform accepts debit/credit card payments using cell phones. Saasu: - It claims to be the future of accounting. By using the application, business people in Australia can immediately execute cash flow cashing with just a click without additional setups. It offers smart bank payments that efficiently execute bank settlements thus, helps on saving time. It manages transactions in different foreign currencies. Its considered the best accounting applications for businesses in Australia. It has all that is needed to run a business from anyplace, by use of any podium. Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting Leading accounting software packages are cloud based, or they intend to do so. Security of any data is essential to any business. Online content is prone to hacker attacks, fraud, and other threats. It needs a high level of security which might be very expensive. Software/Packages A software/package is an of application that records and processes accounting transactions by use of well-designed components i.e. accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance. There are different types of accounting application in the market which depend on business requirements. Small business/individual accounting applications are mostly intended for home users. The applications are straightforward and low-priced through the simple functionality e.g. managing one's budget (Godfrey Chalmers 2007). Low-budget accounting applications are meant for small business markets that are capable of serving a single market. The charcateristics of this application include single entry products. Mid-market accounting applications is meant for establishments with large businesses. These applications serve the requirements of multiple nationwide accountancy principles due the the multi-currency facility. Suggestions and Recommendations Accounting users have demands for enhancing the quality of software. They software is expected to have general application features i.e. ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Accountants and bookkeepers to undergo training on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met, this can only be accomplished through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and organizational structure. Flexibility is of a key important factor in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as the systems capacity alongside a change of course or deviation from the programmed direction of course. Although the top three companies are doing whatever they can to enhance the users experience of cloud accounting software but still there is much to be done that includes affordable prices, Increased security, Abundant features, ease of use and enhanced customer relationship management. Conclusion In conclusion, accounting software has seen a remarkable history of development since the invention of computer language; from simple programs to complex computing systems. Australia has three biggest accounting software providers that compete in a market characterized by ever-growing small and medium sized businesses. Xero has dominated the Australian accounting software market by integrating account software into cloud, as way of solving challenges associated with desktop accounting software. However, there are security threat challenges related to cloud computing. The strategies to deal with security threat facing cloud computing include authentication measures, information-centric security, and predicate cryptography. Reference Bragg, S. M. Accounting reference desktop. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2013. Byrd, T. A., Turner, D. E. Measuring the flexibility of information technology infrastructure: Exploratory analysis of a construct. Journal of Management Information Systems. (2009). 17(1), 167-208. Frishammar, J. Characteristics in information processing approaches. International Journal of Information Management. (2010). 22(2), 143-156. Genus, A. and K. Dickson. Technological Analysis and Strategic Management. (2009)7(3), 283285. Godfrey, J. M., Chalmers, K. Globalisation of accounting standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2007. Hodge, B. Accounting. London: Thomson Learning, 2008. Joshi, G. Management information systems, 2013. Leung, D. Inside Accounting: The Sociology of Financial Reporting and Auditing. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower, 2011. Ramazani, M., Zanjani, M., Vali, F. Accounting Software Expectation Gap Based on Features of Accounting Information Systems (AISs). Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences. (2012) 3(11). Rushinek, A., Rushinek, S. F. Accounting software evaluation: hardware, audit trails, backup, error recovery and security. Managerial Auditing Journal. (2009) 10(9), 29-37. Scha?ffer, U. Management accounting control scales handbook. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universita?ts-Verlag, 2008. Spathis, C. Enterprise systems implementation and accounting benefits. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. (2006) 19, 67-82. Tabachnick, B. Fidell, L. Using multivariate statistics. Boston, Allyn Bacon, 2007. Wilkinson, J. W. Accounting and information systems. New York, Wiley, 2007.