A Normal Distribution Based On The Shapiro Wilk Test For...

3. RESULTS All data demonstrated a normal distribution based on the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality; therefore, no further transformation was required. Mean ages (SDs) of the participants were 24 (3.7) years in the PA group and 23.6 (2.3) years in the placebo group. Baseline characteristics between the groups were similar for all variables (P0.05) (Table 1). A total of 44 enrolled participants completed the follow-up (Figure 1). Participants denied any adverse and/or side effects during the follow-up periods. A mixed-effect model of repeated measure analysis showed no significant between-group differences for HR (Figure 2) and DBP (Figure 4). On the contrary, the averaged total HR, regardless of the groups, showed a statistically significant change over time (p-value=0.0043 in Table 2). The overall group-by-time interaction for the mixed-model was statistically significant only for SBP (p-value=0.0105) in that PA group had significantly reduced SBP while the placebo group had increased SBP during-intervention. The 95% CI of the change in SBP (1.65 to 4.25 mmHg) exceeded the minimal detectable change (MDC) of 4.16 mmHg (Yung et al 2014) for some individuals. The post-hoc analysis revealed that the changed SBP during-intervention was significantly different between the PA and the PA-P group (p-value=0.003 in Figure 3). The between-group differences were no longer significant at post follow-up. Males had statistically higher SBP than females overall (p-value=0.0027 in TableShow MoreRelatedWh at Affect Does The And Difference Of Means For The Variables?1335 Words   |  6 PagesThis report consists of the findings from tests run to assess both the normality and difference of means for the variables used in the We Read to Succeed community initiative in Harrisonburg-Rockingham County. This report also presents the findings from the proposed research questions, including: 1) Do mentor reported reading skills improve over time? 2) How does mean mentor reported strength of relationship at baseline vary by gender? How does it vary after 12 months by gender? 3) What affect doRead MoreThoron Concentration Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe results of experimentally determined values of indoor radon, thoron and their progeny concentrations observed in selected 127 dwellings of 47 villages sampled by single entry pin-holes based dosimeters and progeny sensors for one year are summarized in Table 1. The radon concentration varies from 16 ±0.9 Bqm-3 to 50 ±23 Bqm-3 with an arithmetic mean of 30 ±7 Bqm-3 and geometric mean (and geometric standard deviation) of 30 (1.25) Bqm-3, which is less than the lower limit of the action level (200-300Read MoreEssay on Psy 870: Module 3 Problem Set Answers799 Words   |  4 Pagesresearcher will be to clean and screen the data. Please do this for the researcher and report your findings. Be sure to check it for possible coding errors, as well as complete the screening of the data to see if the data meet assumptions for parametric tests. Did you find any errors that the researcher made when setting up the SPSS data file (check the variable view)? If so, what did you find? How did you correct it? HINT: Yes, one of the variables is incorrectly listed as scale. 3. Were there missingRead MoreSample Testing Is Mandatory Against A Static Groundwater Protection Standard1520 Words   |  7 Pagesderived from related as a fixed standard. The primary tool for monitoring is the confidence interval. Numerous ranges of confidence intervals, including confidence intervals around means, medians. The goal is on planning tests with reasonable statistical performance in terms of per-test false positive rates. Confidence interval are designed to estimate statistical characteristics of some parameter of sampled population. Given a statistical parameter of interest such as the population mean ( µ), theRead MoreANSWER TO MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT Essay1963 Words   |  8 PagesAffective (AFFECT) and Behavioral (BEHAVE) should be scale variables. 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Following the calves examination, blood samples were obtained from each calves in vacutainer tubes by jugular vein puncture using a 20G needle on labeled test tube, blood LAC was recorded for each calf using Lactate Plus handheld lactate meters (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA). This portableRead MoreWhat Is Data Analysis And Application ( DAA )1365 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine a data analysis and application for an independent t test comparing the mean GPAs of a sample of male and female students. It will pose a research question that the data wi ll set out to answer. It will provide a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, and will provide an analysis showing why the null hypothesis should be accepted or rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Data File Description For this independent t test, the mean GPAs of 64 females and 41 males were comparedRead MoreStatistical Assumptions Of Substantive Analyses Across The General Linear Model1155 Words   |  5 Pagespsychological research as opposed to measurement. Nimon (2012) asserts that a basic assumptions across the GLM is that sample data is drawn randomly from the population. What was found though, is that a substantial amount of social science research is based on unrepresented samples and many researchers will select a sample that suits the purpose of the study. This makes inferences to the population more difficult. Instead, researchers should describe the sample and population in sufficient detail in orderRead MoreCultural Competency And Awareness, Organization, And Skills1605 Words   |  7 Pagesan important ethical aspect of health care. Given its importance, it is crucial to understand if it is being utilized and taught effectively. In order to establish if something is being understood, there must be a test capable of evaluating the cultural competency of individuals. This test is called the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument and it is designed to measure the cultural competence of rehabilitation practitioners (Suarez-B alcazar et al., 2011). The cultural competency of individualsRead MorePhysiotherapy Outcome Measures Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasures are used in all physiotherapy areas not only in research, but also in clinical practice. Therefore, reproducibility studies are needed to assess the repeatability or consistency of these measurements. The aim of this experiment is to examine the test retest repeatability by one practitioner for an outcome measure in physiotherapy. Seventeen subjects were recruited to participate in this experiment. Three separate readings were taken for each subject on each day on two different occasions. The results

The Biological Bombing Of Hiroshima Japan - 955 Words

August 6th, 1945 and September 11, 2001, are two days 56 years apart that share a history or terror, bloodshed and loss of life. Though both events are marked by a single attack from a foreign and source, the circumstances surrounding the attacks are drastically different. While the comparisons only found in the social and health consequences in the aftermath. Examining their similarities and difference can provide a better understand on the impact of one group or countries decisions to attack a state and the social and political consequences that follow. The anatomic bombing of Hiroshima Japan was conducted by the United States on August 6th, 1945 during the last months of the war. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure (Bombing of Hiroshima). In the process decimating the city itself leaving it a wasteland. 56 years later on September 11, 2011, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Queda hijacked four airlines within the United States they then proceeded to carry out suicide attacked against the United States. Two of the planes where flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York while the others landed in a field and into the pentagon. The two events marked some of the saddest most horrific days in our worlds history creating discussion on the definition of terror. The differences between the logistics of these attacks are vast andShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On The Atomic Bomb1656 Words   |  7 PagesIntroductionï’ £ In 1945, two atomic bombs were dropped over Japan on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which resulted in thousands of civilian deaths and a detrimental impact on the environment. Some people would say that the bombing was necessary to end the war, but in the same breath would say that it was inhumane. Other standpoints say that Japan was already on their way to surrender. What would the world be like if the bombs weren’t dropped; or even created? Other Optionsï’ £ When thinking of other optionsRead MoreHarry S. Truman For Defeating Japan s Barbaric Regime And Ending The Bloodiest War1641 Words   |  7 Pagesforced to decide whether or not to drop the atomic bombs on Japan, the moral choice was clear: dropping the bombs was the most viable option available that would end World War II, minimize casualties on both sides of the war, and ensure American victory. Every other option available to Truman would have resulted in a much greater loss for the people of both Japan and the United States. While dropping atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was undeniably an atrocity, which resulted inRead MoreCan Weapons Of Mass Destruction Be Justified?1618 Words   |  7 PagesThere are 3 types of WMD’s; Nuclear Weapons, Biological Weapons and Chemical Weapons. In the world there are only 8 counties that own nuclear weapons and these include USA, Russia, UK, China, France, India and Pakistan and unofficially Israel. In this essay I will be looking at whether or not Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD’s) can be justified, we can link this to the just war theory. I will also be looking at the 1945 Atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima and whether or not it can be justified. WMD’sRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1515 Words   |  7 Pagesfor President Truman to drop the atomic bomb in Japan? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. Japan refused to accept surrender after the first nuclearRead MorePresident Truman and the First Atomic Bomb Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pageswar wasn’t done yet as they were still fighting Japan, eventually pushing them back to their main island. The Japanese’ plans of defending themselves was a group of final decisive battles on the Japanese mainland utilizing all people in Japan to fight to death against the Americans. Fearing costly land battles, American general Curtis Le May began massive aerial bombardment of Ja pan, despite president Truman’s warning, â€Å" The JapaneseRead MoreHiroshima, By John Hersey Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pageshimself â€Å"‘These are human beings’†(Hersey 1946), as he attempted to save paralyzed, dying men and women, in the book â€Å"Hiroshima† by John Hersey. This nonfiction book was published on August 31 1946, a year after the atomic bombing fell on Hiroshima, Japan. This publication was raw, uncensored, and truthful. John Hersey unapologetically revealed the gruesome damages done by the bombing, while also silencing those who believed that the atomic bomb was a justified attack. Hersey’s brilliant journalismRead MoreWeapons of Mass Destruction790 Words   |  4 Pagesweaponry/hazard symbol * 3.2 Biological weaponry/hazard symbol (3) Treaties * 1 General * 2 Delivery systems * 3 Biological weapons * 4 Chemical weapons * 5 Nuclear weapons * 5.1 Non-proliferation * 5.1.1 By region * 5.2 Weapons limitation * 5.3 Cooperation (4) Nuclear (or) Atomic (4.1) Nuclear warfare * 1 Types of nuclear warfare * 2 History a. 2.1 1940s i. 2.1.1 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ii. 2.1.2Read MoreThe Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay2146 Words   |  9 Pagesatomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 is the most controversial military decision in the history of Air Power, and may even be the most controversial decision in history. The first of the bombings happened at Hiroshima, where the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay dropped Little Boy, an Uranium-based atomic bomb. Structural damage estimates vary, with some sources claiming the blast and fires destroyed about 90% of the city (History.com Staff â€Å"Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki†)Read MoreBanning Weapons Of Mass Destructions2663 Words   |  11 PagesBanning Weapons of Mass Destructions Won’t Work August 6, 1945, the United States launched an attack on Hiroshima that had never been seen before. No military in the world knew how to defend themselves from such an attack and no civilian felt safe from the oncoming onslaught (Oppenheimer). An atomic bomb was dropped on that day from a United States Air Force B-29 bomber over the city of Hiroshima. The radiation falling on the city and the leveling of the city’s buildings from the blast left up to thousandsRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Trumans Use of the Atomic Bombs1007 Words   |  5 Pages On August 7, 1945 the headline of the front page of the New York Times read: First Atomic Bomb Dropped on Japan; Missile is Equal to 20,000 Tons of TNT: Truman Warns Foe of a â€Å"Rain of Ruin.†1 Now the debate between historians on the question of whether Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb was correct or not had begun. There are critics and historians who say that Japan was already beat and that the war could have ended by negotiations. In their opinions because Germany had surrendered, the

Brain And Behavior Free Essays

I believe that human emotion is determined by the â€Å"hard wiring† of the brain. One good example is the criminal intent of particular individuals. It is actually interesting to know that anthropological research data shows that violence is an inherent conduct among the primate species (Walker, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Brain And Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now In society, criminal violence is a common occurrence and legislators have suggested that the behavior of criminals be analyzed in order to identify any psychological patterns that are consistent among these particular types of individuals. In the past few decades, neurobiologists have proposed that an individual’s condition, which encompasses empathy, morality and free will, is holistically influenced by the frequency of stimulation and assembly of the neurons of an individual. Such notion is contradictory to the concept of Cartesian dualism, which states that the brain and the mind are two independent entities that coordinate with each other. To date, the accumulation of research reports from the field of neuroscience is gradually affecting the concepts and effectivity of the justice system because of the shifting in the concept of human behavior and response to different stimuli. Neuroscience has influenced our current understanding of the multiple factors that govern violent behavior among criminals. The 19th century classic report of Phineas Gage regarding the anti-social behavior that emerged after massive damage of the prefrontal cortex of his brain from a railroad accident is now considered as the birth of the field of forensic neurology (Harlow, 1848). Today, computerized imaging of his fractured skull has shown that the autonomic and social nerve systems are the specific damages that were affected, thus resulting in a totally different individual. Such observation, together with research results gathered from war veterans, has led to the conclusion that violent criminal behavior is caused by injuries to the frontal lobe of the brain. It has then been proposed that injury to the prefrontal cortex of the brain causes a condition that has been coined as acquired sociopathy or pseudopsychopath (Blair and Cipolotti, 2000). It is interesting to know that there is an 11% reduction in the size of the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex among patients diagnosed with anti-social personality disorder (APD) (Raine et al. , 2000). A related observation has also been observed between intelligence and alterations in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex. The temporal lobe of the brain has also been determined to influence an individual’s emotional response and aggression, wherein lesions in the amygdale of the temporal lobe result in an individual’s failure to recognize fear and sadness among the faces of other people (van Elst et al. , 2001). The connection between the decreased expression of the monoamine oxidase A enzyme and reactive violence has already been established (Caspi et al. , 2002). Monoamine oxidase A is responsible for the catabolism of monoamines such as serotonin (5-HT). The working hypothesis currently accepted is that the prefrontal-amygdala connection is altered, resulting in a dysfunctional aggressive and violent behavior, resulting in criminality in particular individuals. The self-control theory as proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) couples an argument regarding the driving force behind criminality and the features of a criminal act. Gottfredson and Hirschi contend that crime is similar to other out of control and unlawful actions such as alcoholism and smoking because it generates in an individual a temporary yet immediate feeling of gratification. This kind of action is created by a condition that is characterized by low self-control. The authors claim that the condition of having poor self-control is an innate condition that is set in place during the early childhood at around 7 or 8 years of age. In relation to the mechanism behind criminality, the authors explain that crime is a straightforward action to results in gratification in an individual. Such perception of crime is associated with a number of implications to the general theory of crime. Firstly, the general theory of crime presents that crime is an uncomplicated action that does not need any strategic preparation or intricate knowledge. Secondly, the general theory of crime is related to a number of elements that are included in the theory of routine activities because just like other uncontrolled acts, crimes are not planned and it is easy for individuals with low self-esteem to be easily motivated to commit such acts. In addition, criminality is strongly influenced by external factors such as the scarcity of easy targets as well as the presence of associates that are capable of helping or even performing a criminal act. The theory of crime by Gottfredson and Hirschi regarding the early age of 7 or 8 also entails that the longitudinal analysis of crime is not necessary and that age-correlated theories of crime are confusing. The general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi also considers the fundamental argument regarding age and the unlawful act. It is actually different from what is presented at general courses in criminology regarding the analysis of age-crime correlations and social factors that are related to crime. A distinction of the general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi is that the age-crime linkage is very different through time, location and culture that the age-crime correlation is irrelevant of any social explanation. Their general theory of crime also describes that criminals continue to perform unlawful acts of crime even during marriage and eventually end up as unmarried criminals. The same thing goes with offenders who are currently employed—these individuals generally continue on as offenders and the only difference after some time is that they lose their jobs. The general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi thus presents an argument against the connection of crime with marriage and employment thus showing that a criminal is incompetent in maintaining a relationship in a marriage or a commitment to work because he is commonly known as person of very low command of his control. Their presentation of the force behind criminality is thus focused on self-control and the authors point out that most investigations regarding criminality do not include this concept. References Blair RJ and Cipolotti L (2000): Impaired social response reversal. A case of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Brain 123:1122–1141. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffi tt TE, Mill J and Martin J (2002): Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297:851–854. Gottfredson MR and Hirschi T (1990): A General Theory of Crime. In: Jacoby JE (ed. ): Classics of criminology, 3rd ed. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Harlow J (1848): Passage of an iron bar through the head. Boston Med Surg J 13:389–393. Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L and Colletti P (2000) Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:119–127. van Elst LT, Trimble MR, Ebert D, van Elst LT (2001) Dual brain pathology in patients with affective aggressive episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:1187–1188. Walker PL (2001): A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence. Annu Rev Anthropol 30: 573–596. How to cite Brain And Behavior, Papers

Involved In Technology Automation Providedâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Involved In Technology And Automation Provided? Answer: Introduction As time passes, we are becoming more and more involved in technology and automation provided through computers in performing our daily routine tasks. Today computers handle almost everything in our lives whether running industries, providing entertainment or enabling our global communications soon they will also drive our cars. Accounting and computers are naturally connected to each other and act as a blood line for the businesses whether small or large (Wilkinson, 2007). Tracking assets and transactions has always been the basic agenda of accounting information systems and are closely related to the early development of numbers, arithmetic and even writing. Accounting softwares today operating small and large businesses through various solutions and catering the needs of masses came through various stages throughout the history. This document will provide brief history, development and adoption, Current market size, gaps and challenges facing customers of software/packages and will lay out certain recommendations using qualitative research approach. While an endeavor is made to sum up the discussion wherein the Accounting application is debated about all in all to be utilized as a part of setting with any organization, however a due emphasis is given to Universities in Australia. A concentration is in this way given to the use of accounting applications with reference to Universities in Australia. The study is specific to Charles Stuart University which is the chosen University where the research will be conducted. An exhaustive research was embraced on this subject. As exhorted in an examination procedure, particularly in the Literature Review stage, efforts were made to utilize cases of business practices from the insightful diaries papers, gatherings, books and expert magazines to bolster the contentions given in this research. Organization Structure The current organization structure of the company is shown below. Operational problems The principle of accounting independence has not been followed when designing the structure of the organization. Due to this, the functional team handling a particular physical activity is also taking care of the accounting aspect of that activity. This can lead to unreliable information. Due to unreliable information, the organization may take faulty decisions. Inefficiency may also be experienced since the team will be forced to perform all the tasks of the physical activity together with accounting (Schaffer, 2008). System acquisition method The organization has very unique information needs that can be satisfied with the use of a commercial software that is already finished and completely tested for implementation. Generally, commercial application are usually customized to suit specific industries (Bragg, 2012). Flowchart The sales process flow chart is an important instrument for business. It gives the company an opportunity to imagine and understand the sales procedures, disclose and also visually highlight issues or holdups, and forecast on sales. Control problems Though there exists security risks and challenges which are related to cloud computing systems. Approaches to deal with the security threats that face cloud computing systems include information-centric security, predicate cryptography, and authentication measures (Joshi, 2013). Literature Review The review of literature in this research involves the historical development and how accounting packages/software are used especially in the context of Charles Stuart University. Information technology has had three successive movements that made an attempt to take care of the reality of IT (Keziere, 2009). This has made all the business functions within the same organization incline to work free from each other. This processes have led to inconsistency within organizations. An accounting software/package is a system that is used on a computer and it perfoms all accounting tasks, such as recording, storing, sorting, retrieving, analyzing, presenting and conveying accounting information to different shareholder groups (Spathis, 2010). Applications enhance the quality of accounting data and promotes moving efficiency between organizations sectors and among organizations branches and their numerous users or investor groups. All the necessary information to the organization of any company requires the valuation of numerous cost objects to do a proper evaluation; correct data is required regarding all resources that are consumed directly or indirectly (Drury, 2008). The introduction to using accounting software is precious to organizations. However, the software applications should have a general guideline on what application standards the software need to have. There are four general features that accounting packages must have (Rushinek and Rushinek, 2009). They include; ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Training should also be done on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met. This can only be achieved through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and administrative structure (Byrd Turners, 2013) Flexibility is of great importance in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as an n application capacity alongside a variation of course or a deviation from the programmed path of activity (Genus Dickson, 2008). History, development, and adoption The commonly used accounting system also known as general ledger is a book with distributed pages for every account i.e. payables, receivable, cash, equity. Each day transactions are entered by use of hand into the journal. Intuit came up with a computerized application named Quicken. The company later introduced Quickbooks for small business accounting in 1983. Turbo Tax, an application for calculating income taxes and federal, were presented to Nivinson. That saw the end of using manual entries and computers was embraced because it made the work of accountants much easier. They gave accountants an opportunity to be more productive (Hodge, 2008). In the recent past, there has been a significant improvement in the innovation in technology and organizations now depend on machines to help in the running of businesses. Since the formation of Intuit in the year 1983, It has played a significant role in developing applications for the current age. Intuit products are vast, but QuickBooks is the most commonly used. The current market size Australia has two accounting software companies competing for the market share; Xero which is from Zealand and QuickBooks Online (QBO) from is US-based Intuit. They are not the only companies in the market but because of the recent developments, they are outshining the others throughout other continents (Leung, 2011) Quickbooks has been on the market for quite some time, but its entry to Australia is relatively recent. Whereas Xero has been in the Australian market for a couple of years and has seen its widespread use by accountants and small businesses due to its capability to communicate with customers. Xero is widely known in Australia though Quickbooks has launched a new user interface for Quickbooks Online (Harmony), customized with Australian localizations to the product, employed staff and opened an office in Australia and is trying to capture the Australian market share. Leaders in the market and what gives them the competitive advantage. Xero MYOB Reckon Intuit QuickBooks Saasu Xero is a highly popular online accounting software in Australia. It offers real-time data monitoring abilities. It has over half a million subscribers who use the application. It has a wide range of business accounting functionalities since it offers speedy internet billing. It has a cutting-edge reconciliation process that allows the user to import and group bank transactions. Xero has two subscription categories. Starter software subscription $9/month Premium accounting software $70/month MYOB: - Australias best accounting software. It targets to be more than a functional accounting application. It has an additional feature that helps owners of businesses to increase productivity and make enhanced choices with a simultaneous view of a companys fiscal operations. It integrates the point of sale transactions into the entire business operations. It has an interface known as Kounta which works both online and offline, and the clientele hardly notices if the Internet connection slows down. They have a compliant capability known as ATO which is a huge attraction. Intuit QuickBooks - A highly ranked accounting software in Australia. QB is among the most widespread accounting application used by small businesses in Australia. The factors that contribute to this include:- QuickBooks provides a wide-ranging level of features that businesses in Australia use to trail business revenue, expenditures, and earnings. Price which is $12/month and $21/month for the premier version. Reckon: Purposes to be the best accounting application for accountants, bookkeepers, and companies in Australia. Its one of the affordable cloud accounting software for small businesses in Australias and is well recognized. It uses a platforms known as Reckon Pay. This platform accepts debit/credit card payments using cell phones. Saasu: - It claims to be the future of accounting. By using the application, business people in Australia can immediately execute cash flow cashing with just a click without additional setups. It offers smart bank payments that efficiently execute bank settlements thus, helps on saving time. It manages transactions in different foreign currencies. Its considered the best accounting applications for businesses in Australia. It has all that is needed to run a business from anyplace, by use of any podium. Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting Leading accounting software packages are cloud based, or they intend to do so. Security of any data is essential to any business. Online content is prone to hacker attacks, fraud, and other threats. It needs a high level of security which might be very expensive. Software/Packages A software/package is an of application that records and processes accounting transactions by use of well-designed components i.e. accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance. There are different types of accounting application in the market which depend on business requirements. Small business/individual accounting applications are mostly intended for home users. The applications are straightforward and low-priced through the simple functionality e.g. managing one's budget (Godfrey Chalmers 2007). Low-budget accounting applications are meant for small business markets that are capable of serving a single market. The charcateristics of this application include single entry products. Mid-market accounting applications is meant for establishments with large businesses. These applications serve the requirements of multiple nationwide accountancy principles due the the multi-currency facility. Suggestions and Recommendations Accounting users have demands for enhancing the quality of software. They software is expected to have general application features i.e. ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Accountants and bookkeepers to undergo training on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met, this can only be accomplished through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and organizational structure. Flexibility is of a key important factor in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as the systems capacity alongside a change of course or deviation from the programmed direction of course. Although the top three companies are doing whatever they can to enhance the users experience of cloud accounting software but still there is much to be done that includes affordable prices, Increased security, Abundant features, ease of use and enhanced customer relationship management. Conclusion In conclusion, accounting software has seen a remarkable history of development since the invention of computer language; from simple programs to complex computing systems. Australia has three biggest accounting software providers that compete in a market characterized by ever-growing small and medium sized businesses. Xero has dominated the Australian accounting software market by integrating account software into cloud, as way of solving challenges associated with desktop accounting software. However, there are security threat challenges related to cloud computing. The strategies to deal with security threat facing cloud computing include authentication measures, information-centric security, and predicate cryptography. Reference Bragg, S. M. Accounting reference desktop. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2013. Byrd, T. A., Turner, D. E. Measuring the flexibility of information technology infrastructure: Exploratory analysis of a construct. Journal of Management Information Systems. (2009). 17(1), 167-208. Frishammar, J. Characteristics in information processing approaches. International Journal of Information Management. (2010). 22(2), 143-156. Genus, A. and K. Dickson. Technological Analysis and Strategic Management. (2009)7(3), 283285. Godfrey, J. M., Chalmers, K. Globalisation of accounting standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2007. Hodge, B. Accounting. London: Thomson Learning, 2008. Joshi, G. Management information systems, 2013. Leung, D. Inside Accounting: The Sociology of Financial Reporting and Auditing. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower, 2011. Ramazani, M., Zanjani, M., Vali, F. Accounting Software Expectation Gap Based on Features of Accounting Information Systems (AISs). Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences. (2012) 3(11). Rushinek, A., Rushinek, S. F. Accounting software evaluation: hardware, audit trails, backup, error recovery and security. Managerial Auditing Journal. (2009) 10(9), 29-37. Scha?ffer, U. Management accounting control scales handbook. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universita?ts-Verlag, 2008. Spathis, C. Enterprise systems implementation and accounting benefits. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. (2006) 19, 67-82. Tabachnick, B. Fidell, L. Using multivariate statistics. Boston, Allyn Bacon, 2007. Wilkinson, J. W. Accounting and information systems. New York, Wiley, 2007.

This week, you are to reflect on what you believe Essays

This week, you are to reflect on what you believe are the personal traits of a forensic scientists and if you have the same traits. I believe the personal traits of a good forensic scientist would involve analytics, precision, communication, and knowledge of an expert. A good forensic scientist, would need to follow an approach on both the analytical and logical levels. Such a scientist would likely have to practice and demonstrate a high level of concentration and patience to be successful. Profound skills in the area of science would be helpful and development of observation techniques would need to be honed. This scientist would need to be able to focus so that he or she maintains a high level of accuracy and attention to details. The communication characteristic would come into play in that the forensic scientist should have the ability to express observations and findings. So, he/she ought to possess both spoken and written communication skills which are strong. Expertise in the particular area being studied at the time, in terms of subject, would go a long way in solidifying one's characteristics as a forensic scientist as well. I believe all of these qualities would make for a credible, professional forensic scientist. What might you have to overcome in your personal make up to meet those requirements as you consider a career in the forensic science field? Although a career in the forensic science field has not been considered up to this point, some traits are currently possessed. Patience, in terms of process, is something which has been developed through having to learn it as part of military training. Attention to detail is solid to a degree. Areas of improvement would definitely be expertise development, high level of accuracy, and strength in spoken and written communication skills - primarily written communication skills. These are the obstacles which would need to be overcome.

Using “Styles” to Add Headings in Microsoft Word - Proofread My Paper

Using â€Å"Styles† to Add Headings in Microsoft Word - Proofread My Paper Using â€Å"Styles† to Add Headings in Microsoft Word Whether you’re working on a college paper or a business report, presentation is crucial. Adding headings to a document, for example, will make it easier to read and increase its visual impact. Luckily, adding headings to a document in Microsoft Word is simple when you use the â€Å"Styles† function. What are â€Å"Styles†? â€Å"Styles† in Microsoft Word are options that you can use to ensure your document is consistently formatted. They can be accessed via the â€Å"Home† tab in Word 2007 or later. The Styles menu. If you want to modify the styles available here, you can click on the little arrow in the bottom right of the â€Å"Styles† window to open a new menu with additional options. You can customize â€Å"Styles† by right-clicking an existing style and selecting â€Å"Modify.† Alternatively, you can create your own â€Å"Styles† by clicking â€Å"New Style† in the menu. Creating a new style. Adding Headings Among the available â€Å"Styles,† you’ll see that some are labelled â€Å"Heading†: e.g., â€Å"Heading 1,† â€Å"Heading 2,† â€Å"Heading 3,† etc. These can be applied by: Selecting the text that you want to use as a heading Going to the â€Å"Styles† section in the â€Å"Home† tab Clicking the appropriate â€Å"Heading† style in the â€Å"Styles† menu If the â€Å"Heading† you want to use isn’t visible in this menu, you should: Click the arrow in the bottom right to open the sidebar â€Å"Styles† menu If the required â€Å"Heading† isn’t showing up, click on â€Å"Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the window that opens, select â€Å"All Styles† under â€Å"Select Styles to Show† and click â€Å"OK† Style options. Once the correct â€Å"Heading† is showing, apply it as described above You can modify these â€Å"Styles† to suit your requirements if the default options don’t appeal. It’s a good idea to use slightly different font sizes or styles for different levels of heading so that your reader can tell, for instance, main headings from subheadings. Adding Numbered Headings Microsoft Word also offers the option of adding numbered headings Numbered headings. This involves using the â€Å"Multilevel List† function to automatically apply consistent numbering to headings and subheadings in your document, saving you from having to manually adjust numbering if you add or remove headings during the editing process. To do this: Apply different â€Å"Heading† styles to the headings and subheadings in your document Click on â€Å"Multilevel List† in the â€Å"Paragraph† section of the â€Å"Home† tab Select a list style that includes â€Å"Headings† The Multilevel List menu. This will apply different numbering styles to the various heading levels in your document. You can create new numbering styles using the â€Å"Define New Multilevel List† option in this menu. Defining a new list style.

GENSTAT Linear Statistical Modelling Math Problem

GENSTAT Linear Statistical Modelling - Math Problem Example The histogram for the folate levels appears also to satisfy the assumption of normality. However, the variances for the three groups do not satisfy the assumption of homogeneity. The variance of Group I is very large compared to the variances of Group II and III. (c) Regardless of what you concluded about the assumptions for analysis of variance, use the GENSTAT analysis of variance commands to test the hypothesis that ventilation treatment has no effect on mean red cell folate level. Include appropriate GENSTAT printout to support your conclusions. ***** Analysis of variance ***** Variate: folate Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. ventil 2 15516. 7758. 3.71 0.044 Residual 19 39716. 2090. Total 21 55232. ***** Tables of means ***** Variate: folate Grand mean 283.2 ventil I II III 316.6 256.4 278.0 rep. 8 9 5 *** Standard errors of differences of means *** Table ventil rep. unequal d.f. 19 s.e.d. 28.92X min.rep 25.50 max-min 21.55X max.rep (No comparisons in categories where s.e.d. marked with an X) The results of ANOVA test show that there is a significant difference between the three groups. Ventilation has an effect on mean red cell folate levels. Furthermore, the probability of F was 0.044, which is less than the alpha level, 0.05. (d) (e) Produce appropriate residual plots to check further the appropriateness of the analysis of variance model. Comment, in the light of these plots, on the adequacy of the model. ANSWER: The histogram...The measures were independent of the researcher's judgment. The histogram for the folate levels appears also to satisfy the assumption of normality. However, the variances for the three groups do not satisfy the assumption of homogeneity. The variance of Group I is very large compared to the variances of Group II and III. (c) Regardless of what you concluded about the assumptions for analysis of variance, use the GENSTAT analysis of variance commands to test the hypothesis that ventilation treatment has no effect on mean red cell folate level. Include appropriate GENSTAT printout to support your conclusions. The results of ANOVA test show that there is a significant difference between the three groups. Ventilation has an effect on mean red cell folate levels. Furthermore, the probability of F was 0.044, which is less than the alpha level, 0.05. The histogram shows that the residuals are not normally distributed. Also, the normal plot shows that the residuals do not fit a straight line. In the light of these observations, it can be said the model is not adequate. The assumptions for the use ANOVA are violated. The model included only 4 of the original 9 variables. It discarded the other 5 explanatory variables. With these 4 variables, the equation can account for the observed data. This is shown by the fact that the mean of the residuals for the model is 0.

Skills for Study 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skills for Study 1 - Essay Example This paper is a critical analysis of some of the security changes that have been seen in the aviation industry since 9/11 and some of their effects on the industry (Morgan, 2002). Before September 11th, most of the airport security operations were provided by external private companies. These companies had to be contacted by the airlines or airports to carry out the screening of passengers. After the events however, most of the airports in the US adapted the transportation security administration to carry out the screening. They had better plans for this and the first thing that they did was to install bulletproof cockpit doors that were locked and was only accessible to authorized personnel. These were one of the early changes that were made to the aircrafts to ensure that attacks to the US were minimized as much as possible. Before the attack, most airports had unsecure buildings that could provide access to criminals in case they planned an attack to the airports. Due to this, most airports had to change most of their doors to ensure that the doors were bulletproof and that the airport personnel were protected by bulletproof walls at all times. During the attack, box-cutter knives which in most cases are not considered to be weapons were used. The criminals passed these knives through the airport security systems without any problem since the knives were not illegal and anyone could pass them through. Under the guidelines of the hazardous materials act, these knives were not illegal and were considered to be tools of trade. Screeners had a lot of confusion about these blades before the attack and in most occasions, they had no option but to allow most people to pass with the knives. However, after the attack, there were rules that were put in place that prohibited any form of blade from passing through any airport. Knives and blades were therefore illegal and no one

Nokia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nokia - Case Study Example The commerce groups are Mobile Phones, Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions and Networks. The straight groups are Customer and Marketing Operations and Technology Platforms. The Nokia mobiles are intended to tender a wide variety of business users elastic access to Oracle Collaboration Suite, via text message, browser, or over-the-air harmonization of calendar and speak to in rank. The effect is endeavor mobility that is both influential and reasonable, enabling IT departments to offer omnipresent admittance to in sequence athwart their organization In current years supply chain management (SCM) has received a huge deal of trade press and academic concentration. For numerous chief executive officers (CEO) the time has come to shift notice to their supply base and hug the principles of SCM. The resource-based approach to planned management suggests that spirited advantage can be found in the varied resources and ability a firm controls. Resources that are valuable, rare, hard to duplicate, and can be browbeaten by the organization can create sustained competitive benefit and earn over standard financial performance. Numerous management specialists propose that companies that learn to get bigger their organizational supply chain management will have a spirited advantage. These learn looks at the conquest that Nokia has had in organization supply chain in Turkey (Bashein, B. J., 2004, 7-13). In a globe where products are copie... For this reason, there is a brawny link amongst how firms manage their people and the financial results achieved. Results from studies of five year staying power rates of initial public offerings; studies of output and stock price in large samples of corporation from manifold industries; and thorough research on auto, clothing, and other industries shows that substantial gains of about 40% can be obtained by implementing high performance management practices. An additional purpose of this paper is to increase about to happen into supply chain ability and the factors that get better its growth. If members of a supply chain are to flourish together they must admit that a learning environment improves the overall efficiency of the supply chain as well as the aptitude of the entity members (Stump, R. L., 2001, 29-48). One significant management practice for lots of companies is the association that they have by means of their suppliers. Supply chain partnerships are relationships flanked by two or more self-governing entities in a supply chain to achieve exact objectives. Basically, these partnerships are usually created to add to the financial and operational presentation of every channel. These objectives are talented from side to side reductions in total costs, reductions in inventories, and greater than before levels of shared information. Over a period of time these partnerships can develop and lead to better service, technological novelty, and product design. Strategic Management Including Mission With leadership comes enormous liability. As the primary company in our industry, Nokia also strives to be a leader in environmental routine. Upcoming generations are relying on us to shelter and conserve the usual environment (Antonelli, C. (2005). Usually, they

Cloud Computing in Educational Institutions

Cloud Computing in Educational Institutions Education plays a crucial position in preserving the financial growth of a country. Now a days the lecture room coaching is changing and college students are turning into extra technology oriented and therefore in his changing surroundings, its critical that we assume approximately the modern technology to include in the teaching and getting to know manner. One of the brand new technology prevailing now days is Cloud Computing. by way of sharing IT offerings inside the cloud, academic organization can outsource non-core services and higher listen on offering students, instructors, college, and personnel the critical tools to assist them be triumphant. This paper focuses on the impact of cloud computing on the education device and how we will provide the first-class education by using the above generation. Keywords:Cloud Computing, IOT, Cloud Education Introduction: The internet of things (IoT) and its applicable technologies can seamlessly combine classical networks with networked units and devices. IoT has been playing a crucial function ever as it seemed, which covers from conventional device to favored family items and has been attracting the attention of researchers from academia, company, and authorities in latest years. There may be an awesome vision that each one things may be easily managed and monitored, can be diagnosed automatically with the aid of the use of different things, can speak with every exclusive via net, and may even make choices through themselves. In an effort to make IoT smarter, masses of evaluation generation are brought into IoT, one of the maximum treasured era is information Technology. In many countries government. Is encouraging the parents to send their wards to be part of schools and colleges and has been supplying diverse schemes to promote education. The various schemes makes college students reaches to the colleges and schools however lack of centers, right instructors, lack of new books and labs centers significantly influences their results and for that reason discourages them to keep their education. One of the biggest challenges that the authorities faces in offering education is the lack of infrastructure and if available then preservation of that infrastructure and other trouble is purchasing and keeping a huge range of hardware and software require ample, ongoing funding and the abilities to guide them. Cloud computing can help provide the ones answers. Its a community of computing assets-located pretty much everywhere- that can be shared. For this reason through implementing cloud computing era we can conquer all those quick comes and maintain a centr alized device in which all of the government can test the education system from each and every aspects and preserve monitor and guide the device. They now not most effective test the desires of the establishments but also make sure that fine education is offer to every pupil and additionally his attendance, magnificence performances etc may be efficiently maintained without annoying for the infrastructure problem. The cloud enables make sure that students, teachers, faculty, parents, and workforce have on-demand get entry to to important records the use of any tool from anywhere. Both public and private institutions can use the cloud to deliver better offerings, at the same time as they work with fewer sources. Background: Cloud computing predecessors had been around for some time now [1,2], however the time period became famous sometime in October 2007 while IBM and Google introduced a collaboration in that area [1,2].This was followed by IBMs announcement of the Blue Cloud attempt [1,2]. Due to the fact then, every person is talking about Cloud Computing. Of path, there is also the inevitable Wikipedia access [1]. its miles potential that August 24, 2006 will go down because the birthday of Cloud Computing, because it became in this day that Amazon made the check model of its Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2) public [Business Week 2006]. This offer, providing bendy IT assets (computing potential), marks a definitive milestone in dynamic commercial enterprise relations between IT users and vendors. The term first became famous in 2007, to which the first entry within the English Wikipedia from March 3, 2007 attests, which, again drastically, contained a reference to application computing. today, Cloud Com puting generates over 10.3 million matches on google Cloud computing predecessors had been around for some time now [1,2], however the time period became famous sometime in October 2007 when IBM and Google introduced a collaboration in that domain [3, 4].This turned into accompanied through IBMs assertion of the Blue Cloud effort [9]. Considering that then, all of us is speaking approximately Cloud Computing. Of direction, there is also the inevitable Wikipedia access [2]. it is practicable that August 24, 2006 will move down as the birthday of Cloud Computing, because it became on this day that Amazon made the check version of its Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2) public [Business Week 2006]. This provide, providing flexible IT sources (computing capability), marks a definitive milestone in dynamic enterprise members of the family between IT users and providers. The time period first have become famous in 2007, to which the first access within the English Wikipedia from March 3, 2007 a ttests, which, again substantially, contained a reference to application computing. These days, Cloud Computing generates over 10.three million Main Focus: Various Cloud Computing applications have been sent in the Education Department. In any case, most applications can be categorized as one of the accompanying three classes. Public Private and Hybrid School and college department use these different types of classes for own needs. Classification of Cloud There are three classification of cloud computing. Private Cloud Public Cloud: Hybrid Cloud Public Cloud: It is the IT infrastructure that is used by many companies and offerings at the same time. Records users of the clouds are not capable of manipulate and preserve this cloud, the entire responsibility for these matters rests with the proprietor of the cloud. Subscriber offerings can be supplied by means of any company and individual consumer. They offer an easy and inexpensive manner to set up web sites and enterprise systems, with high scalability, which in other answers would be available. Hybrid Cloud: Is the IT infrastructure the usage of the best traits of public and private clouds, with the task. frequently this type of cloud is used at the same time as an enterprise has seasonal periods of pastime, in different phrases, as quickly as the internal IT infrastructure cannot deal with current annoying situations, some centers are transferred to a public cloud (e.g. big portions of statistical statistics, its in its raw form or a few issue that does not constitute charge for the agency), similarly to provide user access to corporation assets (for private cloud) through a public cloud. Private Cloud: At ease IT infrastructure is managed and operated for the benefit of an unmarried enterprise. The organization can manage its very own private cloud or outsource this task from an outside contractor. Infrastructure can be placed either at the premises of the customer, or in an information center. Ideal non-public cloud is the cloud that is deployed in the business enterprise premises, served and controlled by means of its personnel. Future Movements: Conclusion: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: WE would like to thank our student class fellow who help us a lot when needed. Moreover, there were some confusions which were cleared by my colleagues. WE would also like to thank Dr Amjed Farooq, Professor at Superior University for preparing us for this much effort and we can say that without it would not be possible for me to write this paper. Fahad Zafar, IT Head at Zenith Chemical also helped us a lot with his knowledge and experience and Im thankful for his time and effort with us. References: [1] G.M. Muriithi,J.E.Kotze, Cloud computing in higher education: implications for South African public universities and FET colleges, Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on World Wide Web Applications Durban, 7-9 November 2012 (http://www.zaw3.co.za) ISBN: 978-0- 620-55590-6 [2] Sunita Manro,Jagmohan Singh,Rajan Maro ,Cloud Computing in Education: Make India Better with the Emerging Trends, High Performance Architecture and Grid Computing Communications in Computer and Information Science Volume 169, 2011, pp 131-139 [3] Gaurav Bhatia, Mohnish Anand, Priya Shrivastava, Cloud Computing Technology In Education System, International Journal of Advanced Technology Engineering Research (IJATER), ISSNNO:2250-3536 Volume2,Issue2,March2012. [4] Buyya, R. et al (2009). Cloud Computing and emerging IT platforms: Vision, Hype and reality for delivering computing as the 5th Utility. Future Generation Computer Systems. http://www.buyya.com/papers/Cloud-FGCS2009.pdf [5] Sultan, N. 2010. Cloud Computing for Education: a new dawn? http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401209001170. 6.

Toni Morrison and bell hooks - Society and the Media :: Biography Biographies Essays

Toni Morrison and bell hooks - Society and the Media There is a lot of misrepresentation of the black society as a whole in the media. The reason that this is true is because the mostly white society accepts this and prolongs s this misrepresentation in the media. Toni Morrison and bell hooks share some of the same ideas on sexism, racism and conformity. This American society is made up of mostly whites. The whites have an extreme effect on how the stereotypes of today relate with media. Sexism is a current issue that happens everyday. It is supported with the stereotypes that area ready preconceived and we just go along with them. In hooks analysis of Lees movie she explores how Carolyn is the care take she is the mother so that is her job. As hooks says. "Sexist/racist stereotypes of gender identity in black experience are evident in the construction of these two characters. Although Carolyn is glamorous, beautiful in her afrocentric style, she is portrayed as a bitch goddess"(hooks 103). She is the dominate on in the house hold because it is considered to be her job as the female. The father does not do much of anything to support her. He is not responsible for actions because he is an, "artistic, non-patriarchal mindset; he cannot be held accountable."(hooks 104). This is because the society say that it is O.K. for the man to do this and it should be accepted. While Carolyn was near death Carolyn talks to her daughter and, "Troy is given instructions as to how she must assume the caretaker role. Contemporary feminist thinkers are calling attention to the girlhood... No one in the film is concerned about the loss of Troy's girlhood, though her brothers remain free to maintain their spirit of play"(bell 104). So instead of the mother asking the father she goes to her ten-year-old daughter and instructs her that she is now the caretaker compared to her older brothers or her father. This is confusing, wouldn't the oldest take care of the youngest. I guess not, I think this is a prime example of sexism. Taking her girlhood away, because it is a woman's job.

Management control

1)By control of management we mean the processes in which various scopes of business standards are developed with the aim of providing the most appropriate performances both in the human capital as well business processes for the most adequate and optimal business function. This helps in providing a guarantee for the implementation process of business plans. It is a basic link with which the functional outlay of an organization is described to provide a complete cycle for activity performance. Through such performance monitoring, there is a buildup in the scope of organization communication. Through controlling, various organizational tasks are delegated to various key personalities which provides the scope of accountability for the different key players in such corporate personalities. Basically therefore, control means the basic process in which case various standards for organizational performance for its persons as well as the corporate processes are seldom set out, communicated between the corporate components and therefore applied in the business process. Through performance controls, the correct evaluations can be provided   (http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/functions-management) However, the implication of management control may have negative implications. This is usually developed from the management tools for business control which provide negative advantages in the business processes. This is from the negative impacts which arises from affirmative processes in setting, communicating and also applications of such control tools. Basically, the negative implications of the control tools develop when their structural methodology provides market disadvantages and hence operational losses. Due to the changing nature of management and technology concepts of businesses, the control tool is also changing to capture a more vibrant diversity in approach which provides the business management tools an adequately changing environment in the highly competitive market. Control tools are also changing to provide better chances of business performance and activity. This is from the changing outlook in business support output where the planning requirement, leading as well organizing facets in the current business environment is subsequently changing to provide more adaptive business strategic rationale. (http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/functions-management) 2) There are various systems of control for business organizations. Either, to each system, various advantages and disadvantages are allied to them. The nature and scope of control system depends on the resource availability nature and magnitude of the organization. These include the proportional control in which the control tools are apportioned to different areas in magnitudes of workload and importance. Elsewhere, linear control is where the feedback concept is made to be in linear capacity and in congruency to some specific requirements. Also, logic control provides an upset methodology in which the rule of logics flow representation is provided through ladder logic notation. Their construction is through use of devices with programmable logic. They easily respond to various switches, pressure switches and also light sensors. Their use is to provide logical mechanical sequences in business operations. Basic advantages are that they are easily designed and good to complex operations handling. However, they may be complex and expensive to develop in terms of human resource capital and material input. Through linear control feedback of linear negativity are produced where signals of mathematical variables are responded. They are basically used to provide acceptable ranges of operations. They are easily regulated and provide a broad width of operational phenomena. Proportional control has their feedback system proportional to the conventional requirement of the persons. This is through providing a subsequent difference in the nature of set points required and the measured value to such control variable. Basically, it allows an error term and also provides appropriate feedback. The control process is managed through basic system of physical implementation of the various control systems. This involves using an implementation system of simulated network where various loops for feedback and computers are coined into an embedded system of display. Through the computers logic, devices are setout with various measurements allied to switch inputs, programmable logic controllers as well as providing a wide system support to the flow of activity within the system. Reference The 4 Functions of management. Retrieved on 18th March 2008 from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/functions-management   

The treaty of versailles essays

The treaty of versailles essays The Treaty of Versailles was an agreement signed by four people. They were Georges Clemeneau of France, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy and Woodrow Wilson on the U.S. The Treaty was constructed by Woodrow Wilson of the U.S. The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty that bought an end to World War I. It listed fourteen points that would cause peace between all the countries. Germany were not allowed to have their say about the treaty or share their opinions about it as they were blamed for the whole war even though it was not entirely their fault alone. They were blamed for the whole war as they surrendered. Many of the fourteen points of the treaty were against Germany and took away many of their rights as a country. This was very unfair towards Germany. The Treaty stated that Germany had to pay 6,600 million sterling to repair all the damage that the war had caused. This was unfair as Germany did not cause the war all by itself and should not have had to pay for it all the damage caused by the war. It also stated that many countries would become an independent country and would not be ruled by a bigger country which was fair. A fair point that was made on the treaty said that all wartime guns and weapons would be melted down. This was good as it meant there was an unlikely chance that another war would break out and anymore people getting injured. Germany was blamed for the whole war and causing it. This was wrong as it was not Germanys fault alone and many other countries had also helped start it and were to blame too, not just Germany. Many of the terms of the treaty were very harsh to Germany and gave them harsh punishments such as to limit the size of their army and to give up its empire. This was unfair because Germany did not deserve it as the war was not their fault so they should not have had to pay by limiting the s ...

A Few American Traditions Regarding Independence Day

A Few American Traditions Regarding Independence Day Several Ways of How Americans Celebrate July 4 Parades, fireworks and barbecues are the words that characterize Independence Day the best. Baseball games are also popular on this day. All people get together with their family members, beloved friends as well as neighbors in order to eat tasty food, talk a lot and set off wonderful fireworks. The holiday was established in 1941. However, even in the 1700s Americans celebrated Independence Day. All started on July 2, in 1776, when the Continental Congress voted for independence. As a result, the delegates adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4. The war for independence started in 1775 and finished only in 1783. The British left the colonies in America and the United States gained an opportunity to become an independent country. From that time till nowadays, Americans have not forgotten all those battles, many deaths, and the valor that the founders of the USA had to have in order to state that America was independent and Great Britain did not have the authority over the m.There is a great number of ways to observe Independence Day. In this post, you will get acquainted with the most famous ways to celebrate it. There is a great number of ways to observe Independence Day. In this post, you will get acquainted with the most famous ways to celebrate it. Americans love parades. They usually begin parades at midnight. The streets in most towns and cities are filled with cheerleaders, floats and horses, especially when the weather is beautiful. In addition, lots of military units appear in the streets. Apart from that, there are marching bands and a lot of flag waving. Barbecue is also an important part of the celebration. On this day, practically in all neighborhoods, Americans cook grilled food like burgers, hot dogs, steaks, etc. Coming together for a barbecue is a perfect idea to communicate and celebrate on July 4. Probably no one can resist buying fireworks on this day. This has become an American tradition to take a trip to a stand where all that stuff is sold and purchase sparklers, Roman candles and ground flowers. What is more, if you dont like doing fireworks yourself, you can take advantage of an opportunity to admire how others do that. For instance, you could visit a firework show. What about flying the flag of America? This sounds really great! On this day, the US military celebrate independence with saluting to the US flag. According to the tradition, troops should fire 50 gunshots meaning the 50 states of the United States. You can also wave the flag and honor the people who made America an independent country.

Report of what I did last week Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report of what I did last week - Essay Example This communication was critical because it enhanced the speed of activities and ensuring that each group member was aware of his or her role. Project development was characterized by discussion of the outline discussion and preparation. An outline is crucial in any project because it ensures that participants cover all the necessary parts without leaving necessary parts out. I decided to do opening statement and purpose. The opening statement will enable potential clients to identify project benefits in addition to attracting and maintaining their attention. I suggested and designed a help page for the project. A help page is the page in an application that enables clients to find assistance from the administrators of the application through asking questions. The primary purpose of the help page is to enable clients fully comprehend how the tool works. I volunteered to design this page. Customers will have more interest in using our application tool because they are guaranteed of help when they need it. During project commencement this week, I persuaded group members to create time for more meetings sessions than normal. I believed that the more the number of meeting sessions, the faster would be the duration for project completion. Through encouraging group members to meet regularly, I made vital contribution particularly ensuring that the project was completed within the predetermined period of time. The tool we are currently developing is new and unique; no one within our group has the idea of its components. My friend John had the original idea of this application. I supported him in understanding and developing the main components of the tool. We decided to divide the work among the group members. Division of work is important in any project because it enhances the speed of completion. Division of work will also encourage specialization with its associated perfectionism, motivation to work, and improved quality since each group member will be

Manufacturing and Production Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Manufacturing and Production Enterprises - Essay Example CIM involves use of other independent technologies like the computer in all sections of the business making it easier to monitor the progress of each section and monitor process flow. Information sharing to any employee demanding it for effective decision-making if made easier. On implementation, businesses implement it differently and use tools that are dependent on diverse factors affecting the business (Markert & Backer, 2009). This makes it more of a manufacturing philosophy than a technology since it is adopted differently by different organizations to suit their demands. CIM does not include a specific implementation process or predetermined structure that is to be adopted by any organization intending to use the strategy. There are no specific technologies that are identified to be part of the setup. With no specific implementation structure, CIM is more of a management strategy that intends to assist businesses integrates their existing technologies to achieve quality products. An integration of electrical, information and mechanical subsystems makes it possible for management personnel in design and manufacturing to communicate with each other using computer workstations (Markert & Backer,

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example It also informs the audience of the challenges faced by various individuals who went through the school. These people are mostly blacks who sacrificed themselves to the betterment of the society. Obama as the president of the United States made the speech. In the two speeches, Obama claims that Americas are the authors of their own destiny. He also amplifies the notion that no difference that exists between blacks and whites. Moreover, he concurs that no one should be given preferential treatment based on color, but he or she must work hard to have such privileges. Obama use of ethos is highlighted in the two speeches and amplifies challenges and problems faced by American people. The perfect union speech was made when Obama campaign was in jeopardy. This was due to racial profiling that was taking place in opposing camps and some sections of the media. Moreover, his relationship with Reverend Jeremiah Wright and being part of his election campaign. He had been making speech consider ed offensive to some of the racial groups. These were mostly done during the Sunday sermons. For example, he talks of mistreatment of blacks by the whites (Carney and Sullivan 1). However, Obama disengages from the pastor by showing the history of racial differences in United States. He believes that the sentiments of the Reverend are because of what he went through during his upbringing in the fifties. He informs the audience that resentment is a characteristic of both whites and the blacks that may be caused by either missing opportunities in their lifetime. Obama connection with Reverend Jeremiah Wright was a point of concern to the audience. This is because he could be perceived as offering support to the blacks at the expense of the whites. This meant that most of the whites could note vote for him during the democrat primaries and election that were few days ahead. Moreover, other could have labeled him as a racist and thus not suitable for the unification of the American peop le. However, the speech broadcast to all Americans helped change most of the perceptions. This reached most of the people who had eligibility to vote. They identified themselves with the challenges Obama was going through. Consequently, they viewed Obama leadership as likely to be inclusive and not condoning racial profiling. Moreover, Obama strong appeals to ethos are seen as he distances himself from Wright. This occurs as he identifies himself as a person involved in the racial history of America. He considers himself a person of a mixed race background. In fact, he concurs to have been raised by white grandmother. He believes that his life has been surrounded by racial inequality. On the other hand, he is an astute politician with a form of education not achieved by many in the society. He manages to show that person’s upbringing does not shape his or her destiny. This gives him authority to make claims. He also handles the issue of Reverend Wright without appearing to da mage his character. He pleads with black Americans to â€Å"embrace the burden of our past without becoming victims of our past† (Jones 1). Obama understands these burdens as he is labeled as a racist during primaries. Moreover, he once heard the white grandmother-talking saying that she was cautious of the Black Americans in their neighborhood. Moreover, he puts Wrights views on the mistreatment of the blacks into historical context. He did this with

American River Otter in Zoo Setting Essay Example for Free

American River Otter in Zoo Setting Essay Otters are endemic to America and stay in American river systems. They can be found in all Watersheds of America. Moreover, their decrease is attributed to unregulated harvest, water pollution and habitat destruction. As a result, river otters have now become an endangered species. Nevertheless, Otters are still maintained by most people as pets, making them an interesting species. As a matter of fact, otters are the favorite animals in many zoo collections. However, they are also difficult to keep in a healthy condition and surprisingly there is very little knowledge about them. Otters are held in captivity for the purpose of breeding for likely reintroduction into the wild and for public education. This paper focuses on American river otters. Geographical, Classification and Range                  American river otters can be found in Alaska, inland waterways and coastal areas of Canada, the Pacific Northwest, the Atlantic State and the Gulf of Mexico. Otters belong to the family Mustelidae, which comprises mink, badgers, skunks, martens, wolverines and weasels. They are categorized under the subfamily Lutrinae, which has a total of thirteen species in six genera. The American otter exhibit permits visitors to observe the feeding habits and swimming capabilities of the otters. Moreover, visitors can see various species of otters in different colors frolicking in the water (Becker, 2002). Habitat                  River otters are found in a variety of aquatic habitats, both in the coastal marine such as rivers, lakes, coastal shorelines, estuaries and marshes and in fresh water. The otter can tolerate a wide range of elevations and temperature. The primary needs of a river otter are a regular supply of food source and tranquil access to a body of water. They select their habitats grounded on the amount of shelter and food. It is for this reason that their habitat can change depending on the season. For example, they can move from temporarily flooded marshes to cypress swamps with permanent foods. Otters, are very sensitive to pollution, meaning that if the water is populated, the river otter will not be capable of surviving. It is for this reason that in captive setting, fresh and quality water is maintained. Growth of pollution, man-made poisons and cities destroy the otter habitat and decline their numbers (Niemuth, et al ) In most cases, river otters stay in a den or a holt, built in the burrows of other animals or in a natural hollows setting like in river banks, dens comprises of burrow dug by marmot monax, red foxes, nutria or beaver and muskrat lodges. They may also utilize logs or trees, rock creations, flood debris, undercut banks and backwater sloughs. The utilization of resting and den sites is primary opportunistic, though locations that gives seclusion and protection are highly preferred for otters. They also walk for great distances over land and through water to look for food. River otter; the weasel family hunt during the night and feed on whatever might be present. Fish are the favorite food for otters, though they also eat amphibians, crayfish and turtles. Otters love to playfully slide down snow-covered, muddy hills, or icy, which always end with a splash in the water. Pups enjoy such funs, which also demonstrates survival skills (Niemuth, et, al 2008). River otters stay in a small family group when they have a litter of pups. Nevertheless, they have strict territories, which they preserve from others otters of the same sex. Male territories can overlap with female territories, but male territories do not overlap with other male territories. When families are comprised of an adult female and her offsprings, the male also introduces their own social groups. Nevertheless, females and males usually build separate hierarchies, putting up each other, but not escorting one another. Young pups love to play through wrestling and chasing one another. However, river otters do not have territories, and distinct groups tend to avoid one another. Biological Tythms And/Or Migration, Navigation Orientation                  The river otters do go through a winter slow-down. They build ground beds or nests in hardwood swamps or dense thickets. Otters males and non-pregnant females do not appear to enter into a true hibernation. Rather, they enter a physiological state referred to as walking hibernation or denning. These otters will bed down for a few days, months or weeks, but they can be awakened on warm winter days for forage. Pregnant females go into hibernation state, especially in mid December to early January and do not awaken till late April or early May. Nevertheless, whether in a true hibernation or denning, the otters body temperature and metabolic and heart rates decline. The otters may lose up to 25percent of their body weight while hibernating (Williams et al, 2006). Reproduction                  River otters sexually mature between 2 to 3 years. In most cases, river otters mate in the fall or spring, with birth taking place the next year of mating. Nevertheless, river otters have deferred implantation cycle, which distinct them them from any other associated otter species. Though the gestation period takes around 60-63 days, the entire period of pregnancy can differ from 245-380 days.. The life cycle continues whereby the Otter pups weigh approximately 4.5ounces when born. The pup nurse for around 3 to 4 months and start to swim 2months after birth. It is natural for the young pups to swim, though the mother must lure them into the water for their first swim. The mother carries the pups on its back during the first days of swimming, thus coaxing them to swim. Usually, the pups move away from their mother when they are about 1 year old and ready to look for their own territory. Behavioral Development                  American river otters have adapted to an aquatic lifestyle just like fish. They are well fitted to dive and swim in water, just like how a dolphin fish does. However, otters have a slippery hydrodynamic nature, which exemplifies the perfect adaptation to an amphibious culture. As mentioned earlier, their webbed feet help them to swim with small dexterous front feed and large powerful hind feet. The muscular tail is somehow thick and flat at the base, tapering to a point. River otters utilize their hind limbs and undulating movement of their tail as the primary source of propulsion through the water. As a matter of fact, they also utilize their forelimbs for paddling. The common features for all otters is that they contain sleek waterproof fur, short hair, which is soft and dense. They also have perfect vision, particularly underwater, which aid them to capture their prey such as fish. Another adaptation is that they have stiff whiskers that are very sensi tive to water turbulence. (Niemuth et al, 2008) This helps them to find prey in muddy water or dark waters. Likewise, the thumbs on the front paws help them to move freely and can only be opposed when the otter is picking up, or holding small things such as when the otter is eating. Social Systems and Communication of River Otters                  River otters mostly forage in the water, where they hunt their prey, they are similarly on land because they can also run quickly. But, when they are moving on land, they bound in a sprinting fashion, with their backs bowed. Fortunately, they combine running with sliding in the mud, snow, or ice, whenever it is possible for them to do that. This makes them move fast and reach their destination, also, it has made them to be the most playful of the Mustelidae family. Nevertheless, river otters are also extremely vocal, and communicate with one another using diversity of calls such as staccato chuckles, twitters, chirps and buzzes (Niemuth et, al, 2008). When river otters develops and become solitary, they utilize scent marking to differentiate territorial boundaries. This is because, they have a pair of scent glands at the base of their tail that provides them with a heavy musky smell. Scent is very important for the otters because it gives the convey, the identity, sexual receptivity and sex of the otters. During the breeding season a male otter can utilize the sex makings of a female in estrus for beyond eight kilometers. However, though otters can be tolerant of other otters, the male otters do not contest for breeding preferences. There also slight commonality of territorial boundaries between the otters adults of similar sex. However, males exercise slight commonality of territories of various females (Esbensen, 1993). In conclusion, the river otters are one of the social carnivores in the world. It is clear because, the river otters in the zoo setting have been seen to tend to respond to human in distinct manner than do wild otters. The biggest threat to otter species is trapping excessive fur. Also, other species progresses to decline due to overfishing, destruction of the otters habitat and water pollution. Thus, the only hope for the future of the river otters is by breeding the otters in a zoo setting. Nevertheless, it is only the most perfect breeding program where the pups are brought up by their mothers on natural prey in a zoo setting, can hope to raise and breed otters than can successfully accommodate to wild status. Therefore, careful considerations should be taken when breeding the otters. Chasing of other otter species progresses worldwide, making the species become an endangered species. Today, all the otter species are now an endangered species, though the North American river otter is not considered and endangered species, but it is clear that its population has extremely decline. References Becker, J. (2002). North American river otters. San Diego, CA: Kidhaven Press. Esbensen, B., Brown, M. (1993). Playful slider: The North American river otter. Boston: Little, Brown, and. Greene, C., French, M. (1993). Reading about the river otter. Hillside, N.J., U.S.A.: Enslow. Niemuth, J., Sanders, C., Mooney, C., Olfenbuttel, C., Deperno, C., Stoskopf, M. (2008). Nephrolithiasis In Free-Ranging North American River Otter () In North Carolina, USA. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 110-117. Williams, T., Ben-David, M., Noren, S., Rutishauser, M., Mcdonald, K., Heyward, W. (2006). Running energetics of the North American river otter: Do short legs necessarily reduce efficiency on land? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular amp; Integrative Physiology, 203-212. Source document

Regression Analysis for the Netherlands

Regression Analysis for the Netherlands TABLE OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS Table 1: Coefficients of estimated OLS model Table 2: Analysis of Variance and F-statistic Table 3: Paired t-sample tests Table 4: Analysis of Variance for pre structural break (b,c) Table 5: Analysis of Variance for post structural break (b,c) Table 6: Analysis of Variance and F-statistic Table 7: Pearson’s Correlations Graph 1: Scatterplot with best fit line Graph 2: Simple scatterplot of imports Introduction The following document analyses the import aggregate demand for the Netherlands utilising data from the first quarter 1977 to the first quarter 2006. The aim is to determine the relationship between imports and five explanatory variables: relative prices (measured as the ratio of import to domestic prices), household consumption expenditures, government consumption expenditures, investment expenditures and exports. A regression utilising Ordinary Least Squares is run and then a series of analyses is done on the results of the estimated model. Model Estimation Data for the Netherlands was obtained from 1st quarter 1977 to 1st quarter 2006 from the International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statistics, giving a sample population N = 117 and 116 degrees of freedom. It is worth noting that due to the use of the euro to report Netherland’s accounts starting in 1999, there was a break in the information presented as they were in two currencies pre 1999 (in Dutch gulden) and post 1999 (euros). In order to overcome this, all of the data was transformed into Dutch gulden, using the official euro/gulden exchange rate at the time of the entry of the euro. To prepare the data for the regression, the natural log of the values for imports (M), relative prices (RP)—the index of import prices to consumer prices, household consumption expenditure (HC), government consumption expenditure (GC), investment expenditure (INV) and exports (EXP) were taken. By using SPSS to estimate the model via Ordinary Least Squares, the aggregate demand function (utilising the unstandardised coefficients) is estimated as: M = 0.071 – 0.966 RP – 0.328 HC – 0.171 GC + 0.286 INV + 0.808 EXP Std errors: (0.041) (0.022) (0.053) (0.035) (0.033) (0.026) The model has an adjusted R2 = 0.992, indicating that 99.2% of the variance in imports is explained by the relative price and the four expenditure components. It has a standard error of regression of 0.02715. With regards to the explanatory variables included in the regression, by analysing their t-values we are able to determine that each coefficient is statistically significant at all levels. Table 1 shows the results of the estimated coefficients along with their corresponding t-values and significance values. Table 1: Coefficients of estimated OLS model a Dependent Variable: LN_M Plotting the values of imports (as ln(M)) with regards to the standardised predicted values from the model, we get the best-fit curve shown in graph 1. Graph 1: Scatterplot with best fit line Interpretation of slope coefficients The estimated coefficients from the regression above can now be interpreted. The results are presented again for ease of reading: M = 0.071 – 0.966 RP – 0.328 HC – 0.171 GC + 0.286 INV + 0.808 EXP In general terms, each slope coefficient is the import elasticity with respect to each of the equation components: relative prices, household consumption, government consumption, investment expenditures and exports. Following is the explanation for each coefficient: machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing from germ, belg and china ÃŽ ²2 = -0.966 represents the relative price import elasticity. This implies that a 1% increase in relative prices causes a reduction in imports of 0.966%. This is basically a unitary elasticity, the effect of a change in relative prices is almost identically reflected on imports. This occurs primarily in countries with an open economy that thrives on the balance of trade. Additionally, since the Netherlands’ most important trade partners are within the European Union, who use the same currency, the relative prices are similar for them. (Atlapedia Online, 2006) ÃŽ ²3 = -0.328 represents the elasticity of imports with respect to household consumption expenditure. It implies that a 1% increase in household consumption expenditure will translate into a 0.328% decrease in imports. The import elasticity of household consumption is inelastic. Household consumption has a small effect on imports, as although Netherlands does import foodstuffs and clothing, the bulk of imports is for machinery and transport equipment as well as chemicals, which have no relation with household consumption. (CIA World Factbook, 2006) ÃŽ ²4 = -0.171 represents the import elasticity with respect to government consumption expenditures. It follows that a 1% increase in government expenditure will result in a reduction in imports of 0.171%. The import elasticity of government consumption is highly inelastic. Due to the nature of imports mentioned in the paragraph above, it is logical to assume that the import composition is not widely affected by government consumption, except maybe in the import of fuels. ÃŽ ²5 = 0.286 is the import elasticity with respect to investment expenditure. It is a positive inelastic import elasticity as a 1% increase in investment expenditure will result in a 0.286% increase in imports. This makes sense with reality since investment expenditures are in part for importing machinery and transport goods. ÃŽ ²6 = 0.808 is the import elasticity with respect to exports. It shows that a 1% increase in exports will result in a 0.808% increase in imports. This elasticity is also elastic, although it is more similar to the relative price import elasticity, approximating unit elasticity. This also reflects the Netherlands’ open economy and its active trading with neighbouring countries as a result of forming part of the European Union. Overall significance of the regression Now that we have seen the interpretations of each of the coefficients of our estimated model, and having seen that they are all statistically significant, we have to analyse whether the model as a whole is statistically significant. This is done by analysing the F-value of the regression. If the value of F is sufficiently large with a high confidence level, then it follows that the estimation we have done does indeed predict some of the values we have observed and the regression is statistically significant. For this regression, SPSS calculates the F-value as 2784.8, which is statistically significant at all confidence levels. As mentioned above, this confirms the validity of the predicted equation in estimating the values of the components of imports. Table 2 below presents SPSS’ results for the F-statistic and Analysis of Variance for our model. Table 2: Analysis of Variance and F-statistic a Predictors: (Constant), LN_EXP, LN_RP, LN_INV, LN_GC, LN_HC b Dependent Variable: LN_M Test of equality of import elasticities After having tested that the model as a whole is statistically significant, we will now test whether each of the import elasticities of final expenditures are equal amongst themselves. In order to do this, we will use a paired t-test, which will compare each elasticity against each other and determine whether the differences between them are statistically significant or not. If they are not statistically significant, then the elasticities are the same. In the case of our estimated model, the t-statistics are significant at all levels for all of the relationships. This means that we cannot conclude that each of the import elasticities is the same, rather they are statistically significantly different from one another. Table 3 shows the results provided by SPSS’ paired t-test for each of the import elasticity relationships tested: Table 3: Paired t-sample tests The Behaviour of Imports from 1977 to 2006 Having verified that our model is statistically significant and that each elasticity of imports is different, we now analyse the behaviour of imports during our sample period. The easiest way to do so is graphically. Using the scatterplot function from SPSS we plot the observed values of the Netherlands’ imports from 1st quarter 1977 to 1st quarter 2006. Graph 2 below shoes this relationship: Graph 2: Simple scatterplot of imports A structural break in imports From the graph above, there seems to be a structural break around 2nd quarter 2002. This would make sense since it was around this time that the actual euro currency replaced the Dutch gulden (and all other European currencies for that matter). Such a significant change would be reflected in imports. The actual occurrence of such a break, can be tested statistically using our observed data. This is done via a Chow Test, where we test whether the coefficients in our estimated equation are the same before and after the suspected structural break point, Q2 2002. However, since SPSS does not have a command for the Chow Test, we do this analysis by calculating an incremental F-value from a constrained (the model divided into the two periods pre Q2 2002 and post Q2 2002) and an unconstrained model (our original estimation). The constrained model used divides our data into two, as mentioned above. The group labelled as â€Å"pre† represents observed values from Q1 1977 to Q2 2002, whilst the group labelled â€Å"pos† represents values from Q3 2002 to Q1 2006. Running a regression and using the Anova functionality on the constrained model yields the results presented in tables 4 and 5. : Table 4: Analysis of Variance for pre structural break (b,c) a Predictors: (Constant), LN_EXP, LN_RP, LN_INV, LN_GC, LN_HC b Dependent Variable: LN_M c struct_break = pre Table 5: Analysis of Variance for post structural break (b,c) a Predictors: (Constant), LN_EXP, LN_HC, LN_INV, LN_RP, LN_GC b Dependent Variable: LN_M c struct_break = pos Utilising the above with the results from the original unconstrained model: Table 6: Analysis of Variance and F-statistic a Predictors: (Constant), LN_EXP, LN_RP, LN_INV, LN_GC, LN_HC b Dependent Variable: LN_M the incremental F-value is calculated using the residual sums of squares and degrees of freedom of the constrained and unconstrained models. In this case as: F6,105 = [(0.063 -0.082)*(117 – 2*5-2)] / (0.082 * 6) = -4.05 The f-value of -4.05 when compared to the critical value of F6,105 = 2.19 at the 5% confidence level and 2.98 at the 1% confidence level, causes us to reject the null hypothesis which means that there is a difference in the coefficients between the â€Å"pre† and â€Å"pos† periods we chose. This confirms that there was a structural break in the 2nd quarter of 2002. Autocorrelation We can now check if our estimated model suffers from autocorrelation by examining the Durbin-Watson statistic. According to a statistical table for Durbin-Watson statistics, the critical values for the Durbin-Watson statistic with N = 117 and k = 6, at the 5% confidence level are dL = 1.61045 and dU = 1.78828. In this model, the D-W statistic was calculated by SPSS as 0.661. This implies that the model does suffer from autocorrelation, as the statistic falls below the lower critical value. It has positive autocorrelation. To correct this, we have to determine whether or not the aggregate demand relation is in fact linear, otherwise we need to choose a different functional form and re-run our regression. If we do have the correct functional form, we need to determine whether there are any other variables which can be included in the model to help explain the effect on imports and which may eliminate this autocorrelation. Any changes that are made to the model or the data itself will i mply that a new regression must be run and new tests for autocorrelation carried out until this problem is eliminated. Correlation of final expenditure components Only because the model as a whole suffers from autocorrelation, it does not mean that each of the explanatory variables is significantly correlated. In order to test this, we must calculate Pearson’s correlation coefficient. SPSS can calculate these coefficients by analysing the relationship between each one of the variables with the others in the equation. Table 7 below shows the results from SPSS, as well as the statistical significance of each of the calculated correlation coefficients. Table 7: Pearson’s Correlations ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). As can be seen, all of the correlation coefficients are statistically significant at all levels, thus they are positively correlated. The highest correlations are between household consumption expenditures and the other three expenditure components: government consumption, investments and exports with correlation coefficients of 0.954, 0.950 and 0.933 respectively. This means that these variables vary together in a linear manner. Due to this high level of statistically significant correlation, the premise of regressing the model via OLS and the corresponding interpretations are put into question, as one of the basic premises is that the value of each coefficient represents the change it causes on the independent variable, leaving the rest of the explanatory variables unchanged. Yet, if they are so highly correlated, you cannot assume that they can ever be unchanged. Conclusions Through the analysis of the Netherlands’ quarterly statistics on imports, relative import/domestic prices, household consumption, government consumption, investments and exports, we estimated via OLS a model to explain elasticity of imports. We underwent a series of analysis of the results of the model, finding that our estimate is statistically significant, as are each of the individual import elasticities. Additionally, we were able to demonstrate that the switch of currency to the euro caused a structural break in the import relationship. Notwithstanding this, the estimated model suffers from autocorrelation, which brings into question whether the OLS approach and its findings are in fact correct. Additionally, the high correlations that exist between the various expenditure components also puts into question our interpretations of the estimated coefficients, as none of them can be fully isolated to measure the effect on imports. References Atlapedia Online, 2006, Netherlands [online], available at: http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/netherla.htm [accessed 12 December 2006] Biokin, Ltd., 2006, Critical values of F-statistics [online], (updated 16 November 2006), Available at http://www.biokin.com/tools/fcrit.html [accessed on 10 December 2006] Central Intelligence Agency, 2006, The World Factbook: Netherlands [online], updated on 30 November 2006, available at: https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/nl.html [accessed on 11 December 2006] Critical Values for the Durbin-Watson Test: 5% Significance Level [online]. Available at: http://www.stanford.edu/~clint/bench/dw05b.htm [accessed 10 December 2006] Hamilton, J.D., 1994, Time Series Analysis, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistics (IFS) November 2006, ESDS International, (MIMAS) University of Manchester.